TUNIC                        9/26/04

The basic garment is a white or off-white wool tunic made of 2 rectangles approximtely 36"-48" long by 30"-45" wide, sewn together at the sides and shoulders.  The body panels are cut across the grain of the fabric, so that there is a selvage (finished) edge at the top and bottom.  (Actually, since modern wool is often wider than Roman wool, you will probably have a selvage at either top or bottom.)  The body should be quite baggy and loose--it fits like a tent, not a T-shirt!  Original tunics were frequently wider than they were long, and could be as large as 60" long by 55" wide.        Short sleeves are an option, c. 6" long by 12" high, cut with the body panels, but sleeveless tunics were much more common.    The tunic hangs to the knees or below, but is normally worn bloused over a cord or tied belt to raise the hem above the knee.

       Practically any available white or off-white wool is acceptable--it need not be blanket-weight, but it should certainly be 100% wool.  Civilian tunics commonly had a pair of vertical stripes called clavi at front and back (see Civilian Clothing), but it is not known for certain if military tunics had them or not.

       Undertunics cannot be well documented, but the wearing of one for comfort is an option.  Make it of white or natural linen, the same shape as your wool tunic or a little smaller.  In very hot weather a linen tunic may be worn instead of wool to avoid dangerous overheating.

       Sewing a tunic is very simple.  Prewash your fabric!  The cut ends of linen will unravel a LOT, so they must be zig-zagged, hemmed, or whipstitched FIRST!   Also, allow for at least three inches of shrinkage, length AND width, per yard of fabric.  Use hot wash/cold rinse/machine dry for linen, cold wash gentle/cold rinse/line dry for wool.  Iron well.  Only now should you measure and cut the pieces for your tunic.  Here is how the pieces of a sleeved tunic can be fit onto the fabric, depending on the dimensions:

       Place the front and back panels together inside out, sew the sides and top, then turn rightside out.  Regular cotton thread is acceptable, though it is possible to find linen sewing thread for extra authenticity.  We generally machine sew the seams and do the hems by hand, but doing the whole thing by hand is certainly a worthy option.  Running stitches (in-and-out) are fine for seams and hems.  For hems on linen especially, it is best to turn the edge under twice (very narrow, 1/4" to 3/8") to hide the cut edge completely, then stitch.  (Iron these folds down before you stitch, to make hemming much easier.)  The cut edges inside a linen tunic should be whip-stitched or machine zig-zagged, either before or after assembly, so that the finished garment can be machine washed when dirty (warm or cold water).  Otherwise, and for wool tunics, simply squish into a bucket of cool, soapy water, let sit a while, then rinse and line dry.  The Romans used urine (ammonia) and sulfur smoke to bleach white clothing!

       A simple tie belt can be made from a long strip of linen or wool about 4 inches wide.  Fold the edges in towards the middle, then fold in half lengthwise and stitch.

       For fabric sources, see the Suppliers page.

       The issue of tunic color is hotly debated, to say the least.  Our use of white tunics is based on evidence summarized in Nick Fuentes' article, "The Roman Military Tunic", in Roman Military Equipment: The Accoutrments of War (Proceedings of the Third Roman Military Equipment Research Seminar), edited by M. Dawson.  In short, at least two Roman illustrations from the early principate show armored soldiers in white tunics.  One of those, from Pompeii, also shows one soldier in red, possibly an officer or centurion.  A papyrus from 138 AD deals with the purchase of white tunics for soldiers.  Granted, this is not much to go on, but it is evidence, as opposed to "logical" or "practical" arguments.  Our interpretation AT THIS TIME, therefore, is that legionaries wore white (undyed) tunics and that centurions wore red.  But we acknowledge that we could be wrong and are eager for new research to add to the debate.  Click here for more info on tunic colors.

       We usually make our own tunics, since they are so simple.  For those who wish to purchase, La Wren's Nest and Albion Armorers are both acceptable, though the latter is rather expensive.

       Do NOT buy a tunic from Museum Replicas!  It is very inaccurate, as well as being cotton.  See the page of Things to Avoid.