CIVILIAN CLOTHING                      11/19/06

       In general, civilian clothing and accoutrements must adhere to the same standards as for military gear.  Fabric should be 100% linen or wool, or cotton or silk with prior approval.  Any exposed stitching should be done by hand.  The following descriptions are very rudimentary, and you are strongly urged to DO SOME RESEARCH, especially on decoration and jewelry, before making your clothing.   The best books to consult are Roman Clothing and Fashionby A.T. Croom, and The World of Roman Costumeby Judith Lynn Sebesta and Larissa Bonfante (see the Bibliography ).

WOMEN'S CLOTHING

       The TUNICA is the basic women's garment, made from two panels of linen or fine wool at least 30 to 40 inches wide and reaching to the ankles when belted.  In its traditional form it is sleeveless, and the top edges are not sewn together but rather fastened every few inches by little knots of fabric or possibly small buttons of some sort (leading to the modern term "gap-sleeved" tunic).  The fabric is gathered in at these points, and apparently normal brooches or fibulae were not used as fasteners.  The knots sometimes look like they are held by thread wrapped around the base, and in other depictions seem to be more disc-shaped.  If they are buttons, they are not used with buttonholes since the front and back panels of the tunic touch at the fastenings but do not overlap.  From three to five fastening points on each side seems to be common, with as many as seven.  Nearly any appropriate color may be used, and there may be a wide band of a different color at the hem.

       There was also a much simpler form of tunica, very similar to a man's tunica, being sewn up the sides and along the top, and having short sleeves (six to eight inches long).  It can be worn belted or unbelted.  This was most often seen on lower-class or merchant-class women, freedwomen, slaves, and young girls.  Like the gap-sleeved tunica it may be any reasonable color, and may have a contrasting band at the hem.  Alternatively, it may have clavi, a pair of narrow vertical stripes front and back which reach from the top to the hem.  The clavi are about an inch or so wide, and can be from 10 to 20 inches apart (typically equidistant from each other and the sides of the tunica, but not always).  They were probably woven into the fabric originally (and most likely ran across the grain of the fabric since the selvege edges were used to form the top edge and hem), but may be sewn on for our purposes.

       The STOLA is the traditional distinctive garment of a married Roman woman or matron, worn over a gap-sleeved tunica.  At the top, the fabric is gathered into a pair of straps or narrow bands which go over the shoulders, causing the neck opening to form a V-shape--it appears that the neck opening is simply a vertical slit, rather than horizontal.  This is just one theory out of several, however!   The stola was properly long enough to cover the feet, and it is worn with a belt high under the bust.  By the first century AD, the stola is apparently falling out of everyday use, though it probably was still worn on formal or ceremonial occasions.

       An undertunic, probably sleeveless, can be worn with the short-sleeved tunica, but not with the gap-sleeved tunica.  It can be seen at the neck, and would presumably be white linen.
 

The PALLA (left) is a large rectangular wrap, at least 5' by 9'.  It is roughly the female equivalent to a man's toga, but was always worn by a decent woman in public, and could be put on in a number of ways.   Various wraps or cloaks were also worn, but like the palla these were draped or wrapped but not pinned.  (Photo copyright Jane Walker.)        The STROPHIUM is the Roman brassiere.  It is a band of soft linen 6" to 8" wide (or a folded wider strip), long enough to go around the body a number of times (six or seven for best results).  It can be worn in several ways, for example placing the center of the band at the back and crossing the ends in front to support the breasts, then wrapping the ends around and tucking them in at the back again.  Evidence is scarce, however, and pins or ties may have been used.        While the undertunic served as an undergarment, there are also references to the supparum, subucula, and (for matrons) indusium, which may all be slip-like garments, hanging from the waist.   Dancing or exercising girls are shown wearing "bikini briefs", and a pair of woman's panties made of leather have been found; it is believed that these may have been fairly common for wearing while exercising or playing sports at the baths, but not actually worn under clothing.        HAIRSTYLES were amazingly varied.  While upper-class women favored elaborate arrangements of curls and tiers, simpler hairdos involved coiled braids or a bun at the back.  Wigs were used, and those made with red or blond hair were desirably exotic.  Traditionally, girls and women tied their hair back with thin woolen bands called vittae, which were considered spiritual protection.  Mature Roman women would always cover their heads with a veil or part of the palla when out in public.

Roman Costume--Some out-of-date info on the Women's page, but good photo of stola on statue
http://home.pacific.net.au/~chrisandpeter/radical/costume.htm

       Basic men's clothing is very simple, consisting of the tunic(s) and footwear, usually with a cloak or wrap of some sort for respectable wear.

The civilian TUNIC is identical to the military one, but can be any reasonable color. The most common style seems to have been sleeveless with a slit neck opening.  Senators wore a white tunic with 2 broad (3" wide) vertical purple stripes (clavi), running from shoulder (at the end of the neck slit) to hem, front and back.  Equestrians were permitted to wear narrow (1") purple clavi.  These stripes are also seen on tunics of common people or even slaves, in colors other than purple on white.  The tunic is worn with a narrow cloth or leather belt so that it just covers the knee.  Remember not to skimp on the fabric--make it big and baggy.

       CLOAKS include the paenula, laena, lacerna, sagum, and the Greek chlamys.  The latter 2 are rectangular, and the paenula is semicircular or oval (see the Handbook page on Cloaks), but it is impossible to say how the various types differed from one another.  The lacerna seems to have been semi-circular and pinned at the right shoulder, and laena often referred to a circular or semi-circular cloak worn by a priest, and clasped in back.  But references are confusing and contradictory, and terms might have been somewhat interchangable.  (Do you wear a coat or a jacket with your shirt and tie?)  The cucullus is hooded and made like the paenula, but reached only to the chest or waist.  It was popular with lower-class workers and slaves.  There is also the pallium, the male version of the woman's palla; it was large and rectangular and could be colored, and was worn like a toga.

       The SUBLIGACULUM is a loincloth worn as underwear.  It can be a simple breechclout, a strip of cloth c. 6" to 12" wide passing under the crotch and hung over a belt at front and back, or it could be a rectangle with ties at the corners.  The latter style may also be called a perizoma.  Gladiators are seen wearing something like trunks or shorts with an apron-like effect at the front.  How common any form of underwear might have been is unknown.

The TOGA is a formal garment worn only by citizens.  The toga is normally fine white wool, and will have to be made of several pieces, all sewn together by hand.  (Selvege edges can be overlapped and sewn with a blanket stitch or 2 rows of running stitch.)  The toga praetexta has a purple border (c.3") along the curved edge, and is worn by magistrates in public office, and also by citizen boys and girls under the age of adulthood.  Apparently the toga was also seen on prostitutes and adulteresses.  The toga pulla is made of dark wool and is worn for mourning.   The toga should be worn with an unbelted white or off-white tunic, with clavi if appropriate, and closed shoes--open sandals were considered improper with a toga.        In the Republic the toga was roughly semi-circular, c. 12 feet long by 6 feet wide, but by the Empire it had become even larger.  Its exact shape is not known, but it may have been a sort of  ellipse roughly 10 feet wide and 15 feet long or more (see below).  It is folded lengthwise into the traditional semi-circular shape before putting it on.  With the straight or folded edge upwards, it is held across the wearer's back, and one end is draped over the left shoulder so that it hangs down in front to about mid-shin.  The rest of the toga is passed under the right arm and back up over the left shoulder, and the pleats and folds neatly arranged.  The Imperial toga can be partly unfolded under the right arm, and at the front part of it can be pulled out from underneath to form a pocket called the "sinus".  Generally the left hand must be held in place as shown, even gripping the diagonal edge of the toga, or it will  fall off the shoulder.  The right hand is free to gesture.

FOOTWEAR

       There was a wide variety of shoes and sandals for men and women.  Most were constructed like military caligae, with a one-piece upper nailed between layers of the sole.  Many had large open-work areas made by cutting or punching circles, triangles, squares, ovals, etc., in rows or grid-like patterns.  Others were more enclosed, having only holes for the laces.  Some very dainty women's and children's shoes still had thick nailed soles.

       Some shoes had a one- or two-piece upper of soft leather which enclosed the foot like a modern shoe.  The edges were nailed between the sole layers.  Traditionally, those worn by patricians, senators, and magistrates were called calcei, while common people wore perones.  But there is much confusion in terminology and most shoes which have nailed soles and are not caligae or sandals are referred to as calcei.  "Calcei senatorii" had soft leather uppers and were secured by wide straps which passed under the foot and crisscrossed up the lower leg.  They were red with small ivory crescents attached.  Equestrians are shown wearing an identical style, but apparently black in color.

       One-piece shoes called carbatinae were shaped like caligae/calcei, but had no outer or inner soles added.  Sandals were generally called soleae, and had nailed or stitched soles.  It is possible that heavy nailed shoes were for outdoor wear, while lighter sandals and carbatinae were worn "around the house".  (Also see Leatherworking Tips.)
       Besides open-work on the leather, shoes and sandals could be dyed, tooled, embossed, or even have gilded designs.

	Click on this image for a basic pattern for a carbatina or calceus.  It's not full-size, sorry, but if it were your printer would probably shrink it anyway.  Enlarge it to your size  on a photocopier.  The lacing holes can be large as shown, or just large enough for the laces.
	Some options for the above basic pattern, taken from surviving originals.  Solid areas can also be decorated with cut or punched patterns as described in the text.
	Click on this image for the pattern for a closed shoe or calceus.  Again, it will need to be enlarged to your size, and some careful experiments with scrap leather or heavy cloth will be necessary for a good fit.
	Reconstructed carbatina, dyed red.

       Socks (udones) were sewn of woven cloth, and could be worn for warmth or as decorative items.  In the latter case they would be brightly colored so as to show through the ornate open-work of the shoes, and might leave the toes and heel exposed.  Socks worn strictly for warmth were more likely fully closed and not necessarily so colorful (see Cold-Weather Clothing page).  A child's sock made of woven wool was found at Vindolanda, http://vindolanda.csad.ox.ac.uk:8080/exhibition/people-2.shtml#sock.  Fancy shoes could also have a colorful cloth lining, eliminating the need for socks.

Jared Fleury's page on calcei, http://www.florentius.com/calcei-main.htm 

The Toga Man--Wade Heaton, http://www.togaman.com

The Roman Makover--Cosmetics, perfumes, wigs, etc., http://www.geocities.com/sallypointer/makeover/

Coptic Textiles, http://www.marlamallett.com/coptic.htm

Weaving in Coptic Egypt, http://www.calacademy.org/research/anthropology/coptic/coptic/Coptweav.htm

Byzantine Men's Tunica, http://www.geocities.com/indunna/byzanmen.html

       Most reeenactors make their own civilian clothing, or have it made "in house" by fellow members.  Being mostly large rectangles, it is just too easy!  However, for those who want to purchase, La Wren's Nest is a good source.

       Do NOT buy ANY clothing from Museum Replicas/Windlass!  It is all hideously inaccurate.  See the page of Things to Avoid.